Translate the following with the help of the given mind map:
The Digestive System
Digestion is the complex process of turning
the food you eat into nutrients, which the body uses for energy, growth and
cell repair needed to survive. The digestion process also involves creating
waste to be eliminated.
The digestive tract (or gastrointestinal
tract) is a long twisting tube that starts at the mouth and ends at the anus. It is made up of a series of muscles that coordinate the
movement of food and other cells that produce enzymes and hormones to aid in
the breakdown of food. Along the way are three other organs that are needed for
digestion: the liver,
gallbladder, and the pancreas.
Digestion is the complex process of
turning the food you eat into nutrients, which the body uses for energy, growth
and cell repair needed to survive. The digestion process also involves creating
waste to be eliminated.
turning the food you eat into nutrients, which the body uses for energy, growth
and cell repair needed to survive. The digestion process also involves creating
waste to be eliminated.
The digestive tract (or gastrointestinal
tract) is a long twisting tube that starts at the mouth and ends at the anus. It is made up of a series of muscles that coordinate
the movement of food and other cells that produce enzymes and hormones to aid
in the breakdown of food. Along the way are three other organs that are needed
for digestion: the liver,
gallbladder, and the pancreas.
tract) is a long twisting tube that starts at the mouth and ends at the anus. It is made up of a series of muscles that coordinate
the movement of food and other cells that produce enzymes and hormones to aid
in the breakdown of food. Along the way are three other organs that are needed
for digestion: the liver,
gallbladder, and the pancreas.
strointestinal tract) is a long twisting tube that starts
at the mouth and ends at the anus. It is made up of a series of muscles that coordinate the
movement of food and other cells that produce enzymes and hormones to aid in
the breakdown of food. Along the way are three other organs that are needed for
digestion: the liver,gallbladder, and the pancreas.
at the mouth and ends at the anus. It is made up of a series of muscles that coordinate the
movement of food and other cells that produce enzymes and hormones to aid in
the breakdown of food. Along the way are three other organs that are needed for
digestion: the liver,gallbladder, and the pancreas.
Parts of the respiratory system
As we breathe, oxygen enters the nose or
mouth and passes the sinuses, which are hollow spaces in the skull. Sinuses
help regulate the temperature and humidity of the air we breathe.
mouth and passes the sinuses, which are hollow spaces in the skull. Sinuses
help regulate the temperature and humidity of the air we breathe.
The trachea, also called the windpipe,
filters the air that is inhaled, according to the American Lung Association. It
branches into the bronchi, which are two tubes that carry air into each lung.
The bronchial tubes are lined with tiny hairs called cilia. Cilia move back and
forth, carrying mucus up and out. Mucus, a sticky fluid, collects dust, germs
and other matter that has invaded the lungs. We expel mucus when we sneeze,
cough, spit or swallow.
filters the air that is inhaled, according to the American Lung Association. It
branches into the bronchi, which are two tubes that carry air into each lung.
The bronchial tubes are lined with tiny hairs called cilia. Cilia move back and
forth, carrying mucus up and out. Mucus, a sticky fluid, collects dust, germs
and other matter that has invaded the lungs. We expel mucus when we sneeze,
cough, spit or swallow.
The bronchial tubes lead to the lobes of the lungs. The right
lung has three lobes; the left lung has two, according to the American Lung
Association. The left lung is smaller to allow room for the heart, according to
the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI). Lobes are filled with small,
spongy sacs called alveoli, and this is where the exchange of oxygen and carbon
dioxide occurs.
lung has three lobes; the left lung has two, according to the American Lung
Association. The left lung is smaller to allow room for the heart, according to
the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI). Lobes are filled with small,
spongy sacs called alveoli, and this is where the exchange of oxygen and carbon
dioxide occurs.
The alveolar walls are extremely thin
(about 0.2 micrometers). These walls are composed of a single layer of tissues
called epithelial cells and tiny blood vessels called pulmonary capillaries.
(about 0.2 micrometers). These walls are composed of a single layer of tissues
called epithelial cells and tiny blood vessels called pulmonary capillaries.
Blood passes through the capillaries.
The pulmonary artery carries blood containing carbon dioxide to the air sacs,
where the gas moves from the blood to the air, according to the NHLBI.
Oxygenated blood goes to the heart through the pulmonary vein, and the heart
pumps it throughout the body.
The pulmonary artery carries blood containing carbon dioxide to the air sacs,
where the gas moves from the blood to the air, according to the NHLBI.
Oxygenated blood goes to the heart through the pulmonary vein, and the heart
pumps it throughout the body.
The diaphragm, a dome-shaped muscle at
the bottom of the lungs, controls breathing and separates the chest cavity from
the abdominal cavity, the American Lung Association noted. When a breath it
taken, it flattens out and pulls forward, making more space for the lungs.
During exhalation, the diaphragm expands and forces air out.
the bottom of the lungs, controls breathing and separates the chest cavity from
the abdominal cavity, the American Lung Association noted. When a breath it
taken, it flattens out and pulls forward, making more space for the lungs.
During exhalation, the diaphragm expands and forces air out.
Body systems
Our bodies consist of a number of
biological systems that carry out specific functions necessary for everyday living.
The job of the circulatory system is to move blood, nutrients, oxygen,
carbon dioxide, and hormones, around the body. It consists of the heart, blood,
blood vessels,arteries and veins.
carbon dioxide, and hormones, around the body. It consists of the heart, blood,
blood vessels,arteries and veins.
The digestive system consists of a series of connected organs
that together, allow the body to break down and absorb food, and remove waste.
It includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine,
rectum, and anus. The liver and pancreas also play a role in the digestive
system because they produce digestive juices.
that together, allow the body to break down and absorb food, and remove waste.
It includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine,
rectum, and anus. The liver and pancreas also play a role in the digestive
system because they produce digestive juices.
The endocrine system consists of eight major glands that
secrete hormones into the blood. These hormones, in turn, travel to different
tissues and regulate various bodily functions, such as metabolism, growth and
sexual function.
secrete hormones into the blood. These hormones, in turn, travel to different
tissues and regulate various bodily functions, such as metabolism, growth and
sexual function.
The immune system is the body's defense against bacteria,
viruses and other pathogens that may be harmful. It includes lymph nodes, the
spleen, bone marrow, lymphocytes (including B-cells and T-cells), the thymus
and leukocytes, which are white blood cells.
viruses and other pathogens that may be harmful. It includes lymph nodes, the
spleen, bone marrow, lymphocytes (including B-cells and T-cells), the thymus
and leukocytes, which are white blood cells.
The lymphatic system includes lymph nodes, lymph ducts and
lymph vessels, and also plays a role in the body's defenses. Its main job is to
make is to make and move lymph, a clear fluid that contains white blood cells,
which help the body fight infection. The lymphatic system also removes excess
lymph fluid from bodily tissues, and returns it to the blood.
lymph vessels, and also plays a role in the body's defenses. Its main job is to
make is to make and move lymph, a clear fluid that contains white blood cells,
which help the body fight infection. The lymphatic system also removes excess
lymph fluid from bodily tissues, and returns it to the blood.
The nervous system controls both voluntary action (like
conscious movement) and involuntary actions (like breathing), and sends signals
to different parts of the body. The central nervous system includes the brain
and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system consists of nerves that connect
every other part of the body to the central nervous system.
conscious movement) and involuntary actions (like breathing), and sends signals
to different parts of the body. The central nervous system includes the brain
and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system consists of nerves that connect
every other part of the body to the central nervous system.
The body's muscular system consists of about 650 muscles that aid
in movement, blood flow and other bodily functions. There are three types of
muscle: skeletal muscle which is connected to bone and helps with voluntary
movement, smooth muscle which is found inside organs and helps to move
substances through organs, and cardiac muscle which is found in the heart and
helps pump blood.
in movement, blood flow and other bodily functions. There are three types of
muscle: skeletal muscle which is connected to bone and helps with voluntary
movement, smooth muscle which is found inside organs and helps to move
substances through organs, and cardiac muscle which is found in the heart and
helps pump blood.
The reproductive system allows humans to reproduce. The male
reproductive system includes the penis and the testes, which produce sperm. The
female reproductive system consists of the vagina, the uterus and the ovaries,
which produce eggs. During conception, a sperm cell fuses with an egg cell,
which creates a fertilized egg that implants and grows in the uterus.
[Related: Awkward Anatomy: 10 Odd Facts About the Female
Body]
reproductive system includes the penis and the testes, which produce sperm. The
female reproductive system consists of the vagina, the uterus and the ovaries,
which produce eggs. During conception, a sperm cell fuses with an egg cell,
which creates a fertilized egg that implants and grows in the uterus.
[Related: Awkward Anatomy: 10 Odd Facts About the Female
Body]
Our bodies are supported by the skeletal system, which consists of 206 bones that are
connected by tendons, ligaments and cartilage. The skeleton not only helps us
move, but it's also involved in the production of blood cells and the storage
of calcium. The teeth are also part of the skeletal system, but they aren't
considered bones.
connected by tendons, ligaments and cartilage. The skeleton not only helps us
move, but it's also involved in the production of blood cells and the storage
of calcium. The teeth are also part of the skeletal system, but they aren't
considered bones.
The respiratory system allows us to take in vital oxygen and
expel carbon dioxide in a process we call breathing. It consists mainly of the
trachea, the diaphragm and the lungs.
expel carbon dioxide in a process we call breathing. It consists mainly of the
trachea, the diaphragm and the lungs.
The urinary system helps eliminate a waste product called
urea from the body, which is produced when certain foods are broken down. The
whole system includes two kidneys, two ureters, the bladder, two sphincter
muscles and the urethra. Urine produced by the kidneys travels down the ureters
to the bladder, and exits the body through the urethra.
urea from the body, which is produced when certain foods are broken down. The
whole system includes two kidneys, two ureters, the bladder, two sphincter
muscles and the urethra. Urine produced by the kidneys travels down the ureters
to the bladder, and exits the body through the urethra.
The skin, or integumentary system, is the body's largest organ. It
protects us from the outside world, and is our first defense against bacteria,
viruses and other pathogens. Our skin also helps regulate body temperature and
eliminate waste through perspiration. In addition to skin, the integumentary
system includes hair and nails.
protects us from the outside world, and is our first defense against bacteria,
viruses and other pathogens. Our skin also helps regulate body temperature and
eliminate waste through perspiration. In addition to skin, the integumentary
system includes hair and nails.
Vital organs
Humans have five vital organs that are
essential for survival. These are the brain, heart, kidneys, liver and lungs.
essential for survival. These are the brain, heart, kidneys, liver and lungs.
The human brain is the body's control center, receiving
and sending signals to other organs through the nervous system and through
secreted hormones. It is responsible for our thoughts, feelings, memory storage
and general perception of the world.
and sending signals to other organs through the nervous system and through
secreted hormones. It is responsible for our thoughts, feelings, memory storage
and general perception of the world.
The job of the kidneys is to remove waste and extra fluid from
the blood. The kidneys take urea out of the blood and combine it with water and
other substances to make urine.
the blood. The kidneys take urea out of the blood and combine it with water and
other substances to make urine.
The liver has many functions, including
detoxifying of harmful chemicals, breakdown of drugs, filtering of blood,
secretion of bile and production of blood-clotting proteins.
detoxifying of harmful chemicals, breakdown of drugs, filtering of blood,
secretion of bile and production of blood-clotting proteins.
The lungs are responsible for removing oxygen from
the air we breathe and transferring it to our blood where it can be sent to our
cells. The lungs also remove carbon dioxide, which we exhale.
the air we breathe and transferring it to our blood where it can be sent to our
cells. The lungs also remove carbon dioxide, which we exhale.
Some ideas for classroom activities
- Learner groups work on translating different sections
of a text, and then regroup to connect together their parts into a full
text, with suitable connecting language. - Learners bring in examples of L1 language (in their
own country) or L2 (in another country) for discussion and translation.
Signs can be particularly interesting. This can also be done by sharing
material via group e-mails. - Learners bring in short texts/proverbs/poems and
present them to the class, explaining why they like them. These are then
used for translation.
Comparisons
- Learners work in groups on short texts then regroup
and compare their versions, before producing a final text. This can then
be compared with an ‘official' published version. - Learners translate and then other learners back
translate, then compare versions and discuss why there are differences. - Learners look at ‘bad' translations and discuss the
causes of errors. Translation software programmes and web pages are good
sources of these (see below). - Ask learners to find different kinds of texts for
comparison and translation, for example recipes, e-mails, graffiti,
technical texts, post-its, etc.
Project work
Learners translate the script of a scene from a film, then dub over the scene
itself with their new version in the L2.
Learners translate the script of a scene from a film, then dub over the scene
itself with their new version in the L2.
- Learners develop a webpage or blog with their own
translated work. - Learners participate in live online forums such as
Word Reference (see below). - Learners research and then present their findings on
the translations of a particular group of words, such as those of their
own professional field. - Learners evaluate translation software/web pages and
then report back to the group.
Conclusion
Translation as part of the communicative ELT classroom approach is still a
controversial area and one that provokes strong opinions. If you would like to
share your opinions and your approach to the use of translation in the English
language classroom, please do sign in and leave a comment below.
Translation as part of the communicative ELT classroom approach is still a
controversial area and one that provokes strong opinions. If you would like to
share your opinions and your approach to the use of translation in the English
language classroom, please do sign in and leave a comment below.
Further reading
Published material:
Duff, A (1989), Translation, OUP.
Duff, A (1990) Bringing translation back into the language class (Practical
English Teaching 10/3)
Deller, S &Rinvolucri, M (2002), Using the Mother Tongue: making the most
of the learner's language, Delta Publishing.
Murphy, B (1988), Teaching translation and teaching through translation (MET
15/4)
Tudor, I (1987), Using translation in ESP (ELT Journal 41/4)
Webpages:
Discussions on the Teaching English site:
http://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/forum-topic/speaking-students-native-language
http://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/think/articles/from-mother-tongue-other-tongue
http://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/talk/questions/use-translation
Automatic translation:
www.jollo.com (compares various applications)
Forums:
http://forum.wordreference.com/ (discussion forums for various languages)
Duff, A (1989), Translation, OUP.
Duff, A (1990) Bringing translation back into the language class (Practical
English Teaching 10/3)
Deller, S &Rinvolucri, M (2002), Using the Mother Tongue: making the most
of the learner's language, Delta Publishing.
Murphy, B (1988), Teaching translation and teaching through translation (MET
15/4)
Tudor, I (1987), Using translation in ESP (ELT Journal 41/4)
Webpages:
Discussions on the Teaching English site:
http://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/forum-topic/speaking-students-native-language
http://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/think/articles/from-mother-tongue-other-tongue
http://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/talk/questions/use-translation
Automatic translation:
www.jollo.com (compares various applications)
Forums:
http://forum.wordreference.com/ (discussion forums for various languages)
by Paul Kaye, Freelance Writer, Teacher , Trainer
No comments:
Post a Comment